Mechanisms and strategies for operation of fever clinics in a general hospital during prevention and control of COVID-19

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanisms and strategies for operation of fever clinics of a general hospital during prevention and control of COVID-19. METHODS: The working characteristics and management modes of the fever clinic of the First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital were analyzed and summarized during the period of normalized prevention and control without cases and the period with local outbreak. RESULTS: During the period of normalized prevention and control, strict pre-job admission was carried out, the new recruits must pass the qualification test for special positions, the daily training was intensified, the treatment procedures were optimized, the step of identification of infectious diseases was moved forward to the triage;the closed-loop management of information was improved, the links such as identification of infectious diseases, treatment warning, prewarning and reporting have been achieved, and the standard prevention measures were taken. During the period of local outbreak, the application for demand of personnel and prevention supplies was put forward, fever clinic was designed and expanded, supporting personnel was trained, shifts were reasonably arranged, supervisors were added, and 24-hour logistic shifts wee also added. Zero infection of health care workers and zero case of nosocomial infection were achieved during the prevention and control of epidemic. CONCLUSION: The fever clinic is an outpost of prevention and control of infectious diseases. Combined with the characteristics, it is recommended that the construction of departments, personnel management and hardware configuration should be solidified and promoted.

Smoking Modulates Different Secretory Subpopulations Expressing SARS-CoV-2 Entry Genes in the Nasal and Bronchial Airways (preprint)

Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease severity are influenced by viral entry (VE) gene expression patterns in airway epithelium. The similarities and differences of VE gene expression (ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL) across nasal and bronchial compartments has not been fully characterized using matched samples from large cohorts. Results: Gene expression data from 793 nasal and 1,673 bronchial brushes obtained from individuals participating in lung cancer screening or diagnostic workup revealed that smoking was the only clinical factor significantly and reproducibly associated with VE gene expression. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expression were higher in smokers in the bronchus but not in the nose. scRNA-seq of nasal brushings indicated that ACE2 co-expressed genes were highly expressed in club and C15orf48 + secretory cells while TMPRSS2 co-expressed genes were highly expressed in keratinizing epithelial cells. In contrast, these ACE2 and TMPRSS2 modules were highly expressed in goblet cells in scRNA-seq from bronchial brushings. Cell-type deconvolution of the RNA-seq confirmed that smoking increased the abundance of several secretory cell populations in the bronchus, but only goblet cells in the nose. Conclusions: The association of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 with smoking in the bronchus is due to their high expression in goblet cells which increase in abundance in current smoker airways. In contrast, in the nose these genes are not predominantly expressed in cell populations modulated by smoking. Smoking-induced VE gene expression changes in the nose likely has minimal impact on SARS-CoV-2 infection, but in the bronchus, smoking may lead to higher viral loads and more severe disease.

Clinicopathological and Immunological Features of Patients With New Onset Kidney Disease After Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: An Observational Cohort Study (preprint)

Background: The onset of various kidney diseases have been reported after COVID-19 vaccination. However, detailed clinical and pathological examination of kidney injury in patients receiving inactivated vaccines are lacking.Methods: We screened and analyzed patients with newly diagnosed kidney diseases after inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in Peking University First Hospital from January 2021 to August 2021. We obtained samples of blood, urine, and renal biopsy tissues. Clinical and laboratory information, as well as light microscopy, immunostaining and ultrastructural observation were described. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Spike protein and Nucleoprotein were stained using immune-fluorescence technique in the kidney biopsy samples. SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies were tested using magnetic particle chemiluminescence immunoassay.Findings: The study group included 17 patients, including immune complex mediated kidney diseases (IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy and lupus nephritis), podocytopathy (minimal change disease and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis) and others (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, anti-GBM nephritis, acute tubulointerstitial nephritis, and thrombotic microangiopathy). Seven patients (41.18%) developed renal disease after the first dose and 10 (58.82%) after the second dose. We found no definitive evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein or Nucleoprotein deposition in the kidney biopsy samples. Serological markers implicated abnormal immune responses in predisposed individuals. Treatment and follow-up (median = 86 days) showed that biopsy diagnosis informed treatment and prognosis in all patients.Interpretation: We observed various kidney diseases following inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine administration. Our findings provide an evidence against direct vaccine protein deposition as the major pathomechanism, but implicate abnormal immune responses in predisposed individuals. These findings expand our understanding of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine renal safety.Funding: This study was funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (91742205, 82170711, 81800636, 82070733, 81625004), Clinical Medicine Plus X—Young Scholars Project of Peking University (PKU2021LCXQ017), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (2019-I2M-5-046), Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Department (202102AA100051 and 202003AC100010, China), and Beijing Young Scientist Program (BJJWZYJH01201910001006).Declaration of Interest: The authors declare no competing interests.Ethical Approval: This study was approved by the institutional review board of Peking University First Hospital (2021-352) and the Committee on Human Subject Research and Ethics of Yunnan University (CHSRE2021020). Written Informed Consent Form was obtained from each participant.

Lysine Β-Hydroxybutyrylation Improves Stability of COVID-19 Antibody (preprint)

β-Hydroxybutyrate (3HB) is a small molecule, which is produced as a ketone body in mammalian animals. Functions of 3HB have been studied more and more extensively. It has been found that 3HB can not only provide energy for a body, but also participate in cell signal transduction events as a signal regulatory molecule. At present, how 3HB participates in the process of inflammation and immune regulation is still unclear. This study therefore focuses on 3HB immunomodulatory mechanisms. Proteomic analysis indicates a new post-translational modification of β-hydroxybutyrylation (Kbhb) on antibodies. Kbhb on antibodies was found improving the stability of antibodies to protease and heat treatments. Furthermore, Kbhb of antibodies stabilizes the antibodies in plasma. As a remarkable example, COVID-19 neutralizing antibody B38 produced by 293T cells was Kbhb modified and stabilized in vivo, providing a strategy for possibility of extending protection effects of COVID-19 antibodies.Funding: This research was financially supported by a grant from Chunfeng Foundation (2020Z99CFG002) of Tsinghua University. Other supports include the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 31870859, 21761132013 and 31771886; 31971170).Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no competing interests.Ethics Approval Statement: All animal procedures were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Ethic Committee at Tsinghua University (NO. 20-CGQ2).

A Qualitative Study on the Working Experiences of Clinical Pharmacists in Fighting Against COVID-19 (preprint)

Background: Along with the medical team, clinical pharmacists played a significant role during the public health emergency of COVID-19. However, to our knowledge, few studies on their work experience with combating COVID-19 have been published. Interviews with clinical pharmacists was conducted to better understand their roles. Through these interviews, further insight would be gained regarding the existing problems within pharmaceutical departments in medical institutions. This information could be used to amend emergency plans for when these departments encounter catastrophic public health events. Methods: A qualitative study design was employed with face-to-face and audio-recorded interviews being conducted with 13 clinical pharmacists. This group included nutritional pharmacists from two hospitals that were fighting against COVID-19 in Henan. All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the interview data were analyzed thematically using Colaizzi software (version 11). Results: The results contributed to a deeper understanding of the clinical pharmacists’ work experiences providing consultation for the medical department. Four themes emerged from interview data, including the role played by clinical pharmacists, experiences encountered by clinical pharmacists, psychological feelings of clinical pharmacists, and career expectations of clinical pharmacists. Conclusions: This exploratory study provides preliminary evidence that some of the work experiences of clinical pharmacists were aligned. However, some deficiencies, such as lack of participation, were highlighted by the clinical pharmacists and these deficiencies are areas that need to be improved by the department of pharmacy.

COVID-19 cases from the first local outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant in China presented more serious clinical features: a prospective, comparative cohort study (preprint)

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant which was first identified in the United Kingdom (U.K.) has increased sharply in numbers worldwide and was reported to be more contagious. On January 17, 2021, a COVID-19 clustered outbreak caused by B.1.1.7 variant occurred in a community in Daxing District, Beijing, China. Three weeks prior, another non-variant (lineage B.1.470) COVID-19 outbreak occurred in Shunyi District, Beijing. This study aimed to investigate the clinical features of B.1.1.7 variant infection. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted on COVID-19 cases admitted to Ditan hospital since January 2020. Data of 74 COVID-19 cases from two independent COVID-19 outbreaks in Beijing were extracted as study subjects from a Cloud Database established in Ditan hospital, which included 41 Shunyi cases (Shunyi B.1.470 group) and 33 Daxing cases (Daxing B.1.1.7 group) that have been hospitalized since December 25, 2020 and January 17, 2021, respectively. We conducted a comparison of the clinical characteristics, RT-qPCR results and genomic features between the two groups. Findings: Cases from Daxing B.1.1.7 group (15 [45.5%] male; median age, 39 years [range, 30.5, 62.5]) and cases from Shunyi B.1.470 group (25 [61.0%] male; median age, 31 years [range, 27.5, 41.0]) had a statistically significant difference in median age (P =0.014). Seven clinical indicators of Daxing B.1.1.7 group were significantly higher than Shunyi B.1.470 group including patients having fever over 38 (14/33 [46.43%] in Daxing B.1.1.7 group vs. 9/41 (21.95%) in Shunyi B.1.470 group [P = 0 .015]), C-reactive protein ([CRP, mg/L], 4.30 [2.45, 12.1] vs. 1.80, [0.85, 4.95], [P = 0.005]), Serum amyloid A ([SAA, mg/L], 21.50 [12.50, 50.70] vs. 12.00 [5.20, 26.95], [P = 0.003]), Creatine Kinase ([CK, U/L]), 110.50 [53.15,152.40] vs. 70.40 [54.35,103.05], [P = 0.040]), D-dimer ([DD, mg/L], 0.31 [0.20, 0.48] vs. 0.24 [0.17,0.31], [P = 0.038]), CD4+ T lymphocyte ([CD4+ T, mg/L], [P = 0.003]) , and Ground-glass opacity (GGO) in lung (15/33 [45.45%] vs. 5/41 [12.20%], [P =0.001]). After adjusting for the age factor, B.1.1.7 variant infection was the risk factor for CRP (P = 0.045, Odds ratio [OR] 2.791, CI [1.025, 0.8610]), SAA (0.011, 5.031, [1.459, 17.354]), CK (0.034, 4.34, [0.05, 0.91]), CD4+ T ( 0.029, 3.31, [1.13, 9.71]), and GGO (0.005, 5.418, [1.656, 17.729]) of patients. The median Ct value of RT-qPCR tests of the N-gene target in the Daxing B.1.1.7 group was significantly lower than the Shunyi B.1.470 group (P=0.036). The phylogenetic analysis showed that only 2 amino acid mutations in spike protein were detected in B.1.470 strains while B.1.1.7 strains had 3 deletions and 7 mutations. Interpretation: Clinical features including a more serious inflammatory response, pneumonia and a possible higher viral load were detected in the cases infected with B.1.1.7 SARS-CoV-2 variant. It could therefore be inferred that the B.1.1.7 variant may have increased pathogenicity.

Feasibility and Stability of a Long Term “Awake” Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Model in Large Animal (preprint)

Background: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is rapidly becoming a mainstream technology for lung or heart/lung support especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. “Awake ECMO”is frequently used to indicate an alternative approach of using ECMO without invasive mechanical ventilation, and it has the unique advantages of application. In this study, we explored the feasibility and stability of the establishment method and management strategy of long-term awake ECMO model in healthy sheep. As the sheep are healthy, according to the histopathological analysis , we explored the effect of ECMO circuit itself on organs and tissues. As a preclinical study in large animals, our study aims to provide clues for further research on application expansion, management strategy optimization, pathophysiology exploration, equipment development and subsequent establishment of the disease animal model.Methods: Ten healthy sheep were treated with awake veno-arterial (V-A) or veno-venous (V-V) ECMO for 7 days. They were transferred into the monitoring cages after operation and were ambulatory after anesthesia recovery. ECMO configurations, hemodynamic and hematologic parameters were measured every day. Necropsy was conducted at the endpoint of the experiment to visualize the cannula position in vivo and to examine cannulation related injury and thrombus formation in blood vessels and major organs. Main organs and blood vessels were harvested for pathological investigation.Results: All sheep survived to the end of the experiment (the 7th day). In the whole process of the experiment, the vital signs of which were stable, and no serious bleeding and coagulation events occurred. Hemoglobin concentration and platelet count were in normal reference range, plasma free hemoglobin concentration was maintained at a low level. ECMO flow was stable, and oxygenation performance of oxygenator was satisfied. There was no major adverse pathological injury occurred.Conclusions: Long term awake extracorporeal membrane oxygenation model in large animal is feasible and stable. Perioperative management is the key to the success of this model. As a basic research, it can also provide an alternative strategy for mechanical circulatory support in patients with awake ECMO indications.

Allelic variation in Class I HLA determines pre-existing memory responses to SARS-CoV-2 that shape the CD8+ T cell repertoire upon viral exposure (preprint)

Effective presentation of antigens by HLA class I molecules to CD8+ T cells is required for viral elimination and generation of long-term immunological memory. In this study, we applied a single-cell, multi-omic technology to generate the first unified ex vivo characterization of the CD8+ T cell response to SARS-CoV-2 across 4 major HLA class I alleles. We found that HLA genotype conditions key features of epitope specificity, TCR a/b sequence diversity, and the utilization of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2 reactive memory T cell pools. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed functionally diverse T cell phenotypes of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells, associated with both disease stage and epitope specificity. Our results show that HLA variations influence pre-existing immunity to SARS-CoV-2 and shape the immune repertoire upon subsequent viral exposure.

Smoking modulates different secretory subpopulations expressing SARS-CoV-2 entry genes in the nasal and bronchial airways (preprint)

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which infects host cells with help from the Viral Entry (VE) proteins ACE2, TMPRSS2, and CTSL. Proposed risk factors for viral infection, as well as the rate of disease progression, include age, sex, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and cigarette smoking. To investigate whether the proposed risk factors increase viral infection by modulation of the VE genes, we examined gene expression profiles of 796 nasal and 1,673 bronchial samples across four lung cancer screening cohorts containing individuals without COVID-19. Smoking was the only clinical factor reproducibly associated with the expression of any VE gene across cohorts. ACE2 expression was significantly up-regulated with smoking in the bronchus but significantly down-regulated with smoking in the nose. Furthermore, expression of individual VE genes were not correlated between paired nasal and bronchial samples from the same patients. Single-cell RNA-seq of nasal brushings revealed that an ACE2 gene module was detected in a variety of nasal secretory cells with the highest expression in the C15orf48+ secretory cells, while a TMPRSS2 gene module was most highly expressed in nasal keratinizing epithelial cells. In contrast, single-cell RNA-seq of bronchial brushings revealed that ACE2 and TMPRSS2 gene modules were most enriched in MUC5AC+ bronchial goblet cells. The CTSL gene module was highly expressed in immune populations of both nasal and bronchial brushings. Deconvolution of bulk RNA-seq showed that the proportion of MUC5AC+ goblet cells was increased in current smokers in both the nose and bronchus but proportions of nasal keratinizing epithelial cells, C15orf48+ secretory cells, and immune cells were not associated with smoking status. The complex association between VE gene expression and smoking in the nasal and bronchial epithelium revealed by our results may partially explain conflicting reports on the association between smoking and SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Utilizing Virtual Exchange to Sustain Global Health Partnerships in Medical Education.

Integrating global health (GH) training in medical education has become prevalent in the United States over the last two decades. Many medical school graduates participate in some type of international learning experience during their undergraduate/graduate training, with plans to make this a part of their life-long learning experiences. Recognizing this trend, many pediatric national organizations, such as the American Academy of Pediatrics, the Association of Pediatric Program Directors, and the American Board of Pediatrics, have developed initiatives integrating GH education into existing curricula. We report our experience with using virtual learning on a cloud-based platform to remain connected with our GH training partners, and utilize this opportunity to further strengthen our existing relationships during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, our experience thus far shows that this is an effective way to maintain communication even when international travel is not possible. It allows for the ongoing exchange of ideas and the development of long-term sustainable relationships. There are many important lessons our trainees can learn from such partnerships.

Potential Urinary Biomarkers of Young Adults With Short-Term Co-Exposure to Particulate Matter and Bioaerosols in a Time Course Identified by an Unbiased Metabolomic Approach With Gas/Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectroscopy (preprint)

Background: Numerous epidemiological studies showed close relationships of outdoor air pollution with increased risk of cancer, infection, and cardiopulmonary diseases. However, a very limited number of studies investigate the potential biomarkers of the co-exposures of particle matters (PM) and bioaerosols, especially under current circumstances of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In the present study, we aimed to identify metabolic candidate biomarkers that are associated with co-exposure to PM and bioaerosols.Methods: We performed an unbiased gas/liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC/LC-MS) approach to detect urinary metabolites of 92 samples from young healthy individuals collected at three different time points with exposure to clean, polluted ambient, and purified air , followed by a cycling test after air re-pollution and re-purification with two additional time points. Subsequently, we compared metabolomic profiles in between two-time points via an integrated analysis, plus KEGG enriched pathway and time series analysis.Findings: We identified 33 and 155 differential metabolites (DMs) associated with PM and bioaerosol exposure, respectively. The results from KEGG data and time series analysis indicated significantly enriched pathways and dynamic alterations of metabolomic profiles, respectively. 16-Dehydroprogesterone and 4-Hydroxyphenylethanol in urine might be used as biomarkers for diagnosis of PM- or bioaerosol-relevant diseases.Interpretation: The present studies revealed dynamic alterations in urinary metabolites of young healthy humans with the cycling of the clean and polluted air environment. Our findings help to investigate detrimental health effects of airborne PM and bioaerosols in a real-time manner and improve clinically diagnostic tools for PM- and bioaerosol-related diseases.Funding Information: This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [NSFC Grant no. 81673958, 82074262, and 81828010]; CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences [CIFMS 2016-I2M-3-013]; The Drug Innovation Major Project of China [2018ZX09711001-007-002].Declaration of Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest in this work.Ethics Approval Statement: Our study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Guang'anmen Hospital. All recruited subjects provided written informed consent.

Obesity predisposes to the risk of higher mortality in young COVID-19 patients. (Special issue on new coronavirus (2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2) and the outbreak of the respiratory illness (COVID-19): part-VII.)

Although emerging data demonstrated mortality of young COVID-19 patients, no data have reported the risk factors of mortality for these young patients, and whether obesity is a risk for young COVID-19 patients remains unknown. We conducted a retrospective study including 13 young patients who died of COVID-19 and 40 matched survivors. Logistic regression was employed to characterize the risk factors of mortality in young obese COVID-19 patients. Most of the young deceased COVID-19 patients were mild cases at the time of admission, but the disease progressed rapidly featured by a higher severity of patchy shadows (100.00% vs 48.70%;P = .006), pleural thickening (61.50% vs 12.80%;P = .012), and mild pericardial effusion (76.90% vs 0.00%;P < .001). Most importantly, the deceased patients manifested higher body mass index (odds ratio [OR] = 1.354;95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.075-1.704;P = .010), inflammation-related index C-reactive protein (OR = 1.014;95% CI = 1.003-1.025;P = .014), cardiac injury biomarker hs-cTnI (OR = 1.420;95% CI = 1.112-1.814;P = .005), and increased coagulation activity biomarker D-dimer (OR = 418.7;P = .047), as compared with that of survivors. Our data support that obesity could be a risk factor associated with high mortality in young COVID-19 patients, whereas aggravated inflammatory response, enhanced cardiac injury, and increased coagulation activity are likely to be the mechanisms contributing to the high mortality.

Establishment of indirect-ELISA method for detection of swine strepto coccosis based on muramidase release protein

To establish a rapid method for the diagnosis of swine streptococcosis, the prokaryotically expressed muramidase releasing protein (MRP) of streptococcus suis was purified and used as the coating antigen to establish an indirect ELISA method for the detection of sera against streptococcus suis. There action conditions were determined after optimization, the optimal antigen coating concentration was 0.05 g/mL, the optimal dilution factor of the serum for testing was 1:400, the optimal blocking solution was 5% skim milk, and the optimal dilution factor of rabbit anti-swine HRP-IgG was 1:15 000, the positive cut-off threshold was 0.226. Specific test results showed that the ELISA method established in this study was used to detect 100 negative sera with a clear back ground, among which 97 negative sera and 3 positive sera were identified, with a specificity of 97%. The ELISA method was employed to detect Haemophilus parasuis (HPS), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP), Pasteurella multocida (PM), E. coli, Porcine infectious gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), Rotavirus (RV), porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), porcine blue ear virus (PRRSV) positive sera, the results were all negative, and streptococcus suis type 2 (SS2), type 7 (SS7), type 9 (SS9) and type 12 (SS12) positive sera were all positive, indicating that the method has high specificity. The sensitivity test results showed that the established ELISA method was used to detect 50 positive sera with a clear background, among which 48 positive and 2 negative sera were detected, with a sensitivity of 96%. The result remained positive even the SS2 positive serum dilution ratio reached 1:3 200, indicating that the method has higher sensitivity. The repeatability test showed that the maximum coefficients of variation of the intra- and inter-assay were 4.70% and 7.20%, indicating that the method has good repeatability. The coincidence rate between the ELISA method and glassagglutination test was 85.3%, when 100 clinical pig serum samples were tested. Serum samples from 440 clinical pig were tested by the ELISA method, and the positive rate of streptococcus suis antibody was 27.7% (122/440). These results indicate that the indirect ELISA method established in this study can be used for the detection of SS2, SS7, SS9 and SS12 sera, providing a reliable technique for the epidemiological investigation of swine streptococcosis.

A Novel Triage Tool of Artificial Intelligence Assisted Diagnosis Aid System for Suspected COVID-19 pneumonia In Fever Clinics (preprint)

Currently, the prevention and control of COVID-19 outside Hubei province in China, and other countries has become more and more critically serious. We developed and validated a diagnosis aid model without CT images for early identification of suspected COVID-19 pneumonia (S-COVID-19-P) on admission in adult fever patients and made the validated model available via an online triage calculator. Patients admitted from Jan 14 to Feb 26, 2020 with the epidemiological history of exposure to COVID-19 were included [Model development (n = 132) and validation (n = 32)]. Candidate features included clinical symptoms, routine laboratory tests and other clinical information on admission. Features selection and model development were based on Lasso regression. The primary outcome is the development and validation of a diagnosis aid model for S-COVID-19-P early identification on admission. The development cohort contains 26 S-COVID-19-P and 7 confirmed COVID-19 pneumonia cases. The model performance in held-out testing set and validation cohort resulted in AUCs of 0.841 and 0.938, F-1 score of 0.571 and 0.667, recall of 1.000 and 1.000, specificity of 0.727 and 0.778, and the precision of 0.400 and 0.500. Based on this model, an optimized strategy for S-COVID-19-P early identification in fever clinics has also been designed. S-COVID-19-P could be identified early by a machine-learning model only used collected clinical information without CT images on admission in fever clinics with 100% recall score. The well performed and validated model has been deployed as an online triage tool, which is available at: https://intensivecare.shinyapps.io/COVID19/.

Research Progress of New Coronavirus SARS CoV-2 Detection Technology

The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has a strong transmission ability and has been confirmed to be transmissible from person to person. Asymptomatic carriers can also be a source of transmission. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of the new coronavirus is particularly important to control the outbreak. Based on the relevant research progress at home and abroad, this paper analyzes and combs the four major detection technologies of new coronaviruses such as fluorescent PCR, isothermal amplification, Cas enzyme technology and immunoassay, in order to provide references and ideas for the diagnosis, prevention and control of new coronaviruses and other epidemic viruses.